Immunogenicity of DNA vaccine encoding spike protein against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in mammalian model (preprint)

Background: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is currently a major threat to public health worldwide. There are, as of yet, no licensed MERS-CoV vaccines or therapeutics. The rapid development and deployment of low-cost and effective vaccines against emerging variants has renewed interest in DNA vaccine technology. So, the aim of the current study is the generation and immunological evaluation of DNA vaccine candidates against MERS-CoV.Methods: The spike gene was selected to generate the DNA vaccine, which encodes the spike protein of coronaviruses that plays a pivotal role in viral entry into host cells and serves as a primary target for host immune responses. Moreover, the antibody responses post-immunization with spike-DNA fragment and inactivated coronaviruses vaccines was explored, using a microneutralization assay with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), and the log2 antibody titers at different time points (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks) post-vaccination was measured.Results: The inactivated MERS-CoV and pCDNA3.1-S-MERS-CoV vaccines maintained steady log2 antibody titers, showing no specific response to SARS-CoV-2 in the control group (PBS). Microneutralization against MERS-CoV showed no significant antibody titers for Inactivated SARS-CoV-2, suggesting no cross-reactivity. Sustained antibody titers for Inactivated MERS-CoV indicate vaccine-induced stability.Conclusion: This study sheds light on antibody responses induced by these vaccines against MERS-CoV, aiding rapid development and deployment of low-cost and effective vaccines. These insights are crucial for optimizing vaccine strategies, particularly in the context of the evolving MERS-CoV pandemic.

Effect of Covid-19 Lockdown on Mobility and Traffic Accidents in Malaysia

With the rapid spread of the coronavirus (COVID-19), the Malaysian government implemented a series of lockdown measures to break the chain of COVID-19 within the community. The lockdown measures were separated into three phases, namely movement control order (MCO), conditional movement control order (CMCO), and recovery movement control order (RMCO). Due to limited research conducted, this paper aims to investigate the effect of COVID-19 lockdown on mobility and traffic accidents in Malaysia. Quantitative data were collected from the internet and the government agency. They were analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the changes in mobility and the number of traffic accidents in different aspects. Meanwhile, inferential statistics such as simple regression analysis were applied to validate the relationship between mobility and the number of accidents. The results were presented using graphical and tabular methods. The findings show that the mobility dropped by 64% on average during MCO compared to a baseline value computed during the pre-lockdown period. The reduction in mobility during CMCO and RMCO was 40% and 15%, respectively. Next, the regression analysis reveals a strong positive relationship between mobility and the number of traffic accidents. Hence, the reduction in traffic accidents can be concluded as an impact of COVID-19 lockdown. The reduction in the number of accidents during the three lockdown periods was: MCO (73%), CMCO (46%), and RMCO (19%), compared to the average of 2015- 2019. Besides, it was found that the reduction in the number of traffic accidents was greater than the reduction in mobility during the lockdown periods. This suggests that traffic reduction has a multiplicative effect on road safety. Moreover, the findings reveal that the reduction in severe and fatal accidents was greater than the reduction in mobility. This suggests a positive effect of COVID-19 lockdown on the severity of traffic accidents. This study provides an insight into the effect of COVID-19 lockdown on traffic patterns in Malaysia. It also provides important implications for traffic management. © 2023 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.

Impact of COVID-19 on Institutionally attached Nursing Professionals of Nepal

Aim: The specific aim of the study was to assess the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on nursing faculty experiences.Background: Academic nursing experiences were disrupted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. There is concern that the resulting stress threatens nursing faculty emotional well-being and reason to burnout.Method: A descriptive, quantitative study was conducted;exploring faculty academic and clinical roles during the COVID-19 pandemic by using structured, self designed, open-ended questionnaire to 401 institutionally attached nursing health professionals. The questionnaire includes various domains including Safety and Health, Challenges for teaching, clinical practise, supervision perception of institutional support provided;faculty burnout, satisfaction, and well-being.Results: Overall satisfaction with the working environment in the institutions with respect to total teaching experience showed a significant statistical. Participants perceived support from academic institutions and increased need to provide emotional support to students.Conclusion: Nursing faculty are essential to the profession. Nursing faculty require proactive and sustained institutional and personal support to provide exceptional ongoing education, build resilience, and support students.

Tangerine (Citrus reticulata L.) Wastes: Chemistry, Properties and Applications

Horticultural crops, especially fruits and vegetables, are highly consumed as food and food products. These items are consumed either uncooked, partially cooked, or fully cooked, according to their nature and the cooking process. A large amount of waste is generated from fruit-and vegetable-based industries and household kitchens. According to the FAO, waste generated from fruits and vegetable processing is estimated by 25–30% of the total product. This waste is rich in active compounds and has high nutritional content. Utilization of this waste into beneficial by-products could represent an essential strategy for reducing significant dietary and economic loss as well as the negative environmental impacts. The most common wastes include pomace, peels, rind, and seeds are fabulously rich in valuable bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, enzymes, phenolics, essential oils, vitamins, and many other compounds. These bioactive compounds show their application in various industries, including food industries to develop edible films, health industries for probiotics, and other industries for valuable and natural products. The utilization of these low-cost waste for producing the high value-added product is a novel step in its sustainable utilization. Tangerine is commonly produced and consumed as fresh or processed worldwide. The Mediterranean area produces the best and high-quality tangerine in the world. It is a high vitamin C source and rich in nutrients and provides many medicinal and health benefits. According to the new information released by the FAO, considering the influences of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), populations with extreme starvation in the world will perhaps increase. Consequently, countries should gain proficiencies and try to reduce trade-related costs, for example, by reducing food waste and losses. Therefore, the present chapter intends to summarize the different types of waste originating from Tangerine (Citrus reticula L.) and highlight their potential in developing edible films, probiotics, nanoparticles, carbon dots, microbial media, biochar, and biosorbents. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.

Relationship Between Sexual Behaviors with Non-committed Relationship Partners and COVID-19 Restrictions and Notification Rates: Results from a Longitudinal Study of Gay and Bisexual Men in Australia.

Introduction: COVID-19 related lockdowns have impacted the sexual activity of gay and bisexual men (GBM). We investigated trends in sexual behaviors and the COVID-19 context in which they occurred (COVID-notification rates and jurisdictional restrictions) to understand changes in the duration and severity of periods of lockdown on the sexual behavior of Australian GBM. Methods: In an online, prospective observational study of 831 GBM from May 2020 to May 2021, we investigated associations between changes in sexual behavior among Australian GBM, lockdowns, and COVID-19 notification rates through weekly surveys from May 2020 to May 2021. Results: The mean age was 45.71 years (SD: 13.93). Most identified as gay (89.0%) and 10.2% were living with HIV. There was an overall increase in the mean weekly number of non-committed relationship partners (0.53-0.90, p < 0.001). The state of Victoria experienced a significant extended COVID-19 outbreak, accompanied by severe lockdown restrictions. In response, Victorian men's partner numbers shifted three times, while elsewhere there was an overall gradually increasing trend. Conclusions: Less severe outbreaks with shorter lockdown periods, involving fewer and geographically contained, COVID-19 notifications were accompanied by non-significant changes in sex with non-relationship partners than more severe outbreaks over extended periods and larger geographical areas. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13178-022-00733-8.

COVID-19 Severity Shifts the Cytokine Milieu Toward a Proinflammatory State in Egyptian Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Despite extensive research to decipher the immunological basis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), limited evidence on immunological correlates of COVID-19 severity from MENA region and Egypt was reported. In a single-center cross-sectional study, we have analyzed 25 cytokines that are related to immunopathologic lung injury, cytokine storm, and coagulopathy in plasma samples from 78 hospitalized Egyptian COVID-19 patients in Tanta University Quarantine Hospital and 21 healthy control volunteers between April 2020 and September 2020. The enrolled patients were divided into 4 categories based on disease severity, namely mild, moderate, severe, and critically ill. Interestingly, interleukin (IL)-1-α, IL-2Rα, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), FGF1, CCL2, and CXC10 levels were significantly altered in severe and/or critically ill patients. Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients cluster based on specific cytokine signatures that distinguish them from mild and moderate COVID-19 patients. Specifically, levels of IL-2Rα, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, TNF-α, FGF1, and CXCL10 largely contribute to the observed differences between early and late stages of COVID-19 disease. Our PCA showed that the described immunological markers positively correlate with high D-dimer and C-reactive protein levels and inversely correlate with lymphocyte counts in severe and critically ill patients. These data suggest a disordered immune regulation, particularly in severe and critically ill Egyptian COVID-19 patients, manifested as overactivated innate immune and dysregulated T-helper1 responses. Additionally, our study emphasizes the importance of cytokine profiling to identify potentially predictive immunological signatures of COVID-19 disease severity.

Investigating the antiviral therapeutic potentialities of marine polycyclic lamellarin pyrrole alkaloids as promising inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 and Zika main proteases (Mpro).

The new coronavirus variant (SARS-CoV-2) and Zika virus are two world-wide health pandemics. Along history, natural products-based drugs have always crucially recognized as a main source of valuable medications. Considering the SARS-CoV-2 and Zika main proteases (Mpro) as the re-production key element of the viral cycle and its main target, herein we report an intensive computer-aided virtual screening for a focused list of 39 marine lamellarins pyrrole alkaloids, against SARS-CoV-2 and Zika main proteases (Mpro) using a set of combined modern computational methodologies including molecular docking (MDock), molecule dynamic simulations (MDS) and structure-activity relationships (SARs) as well. Indeed, the molecular docking studies had revealed four promising marine alkaloids including [lamellarin H (14)/K (17)] and [lamellarin S (26)/Z (39)], according to their notable ligand-protein energy scores and relevant binding affinities with the SARS-CoV-2 and Zika (Mpro) pocket residues, respectively. Consequentially, these four chemical hits were further examined thermodynamically though investigating their MD simulations at 100 ns, where they showed prominent stability within the accommodated (Mpro) pockets. Moreover, in-deep SARs studies suggested the crucial roles of the rigid fused polycyclic ring system, particularly aromatic A- and F- rings, position of the phenolic -OH and δ-lactone functionalities as essential structural and pharmacophoric features. Finally, these four promising lamellarins alkaloids were investigated for their in-silico ADME using the SWISS ADME platform, where they displayed appropriated drug-likeness properties. Such motivating outcomes are greatly recommending further in vitro/vivo examinations regarding those lamellarins pyrrole alkaloids (LPAs).Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

An automatic improved facial expression recognition for masked faces.

Automatic facial expression recognition (AFER), sometimes referred to as emotional recognition, is important for socializing. Automatic methods in the past two years faced challenges due to Covid-19 and the vital wearing of a mask. Machine learning techniques tremendously increase the amount of data processed and achieved good results in such AFER to detect emotions; however, those techniques are not designed for masked faces and thus achieved poor recognition. This paper introduces a hybrid convolutional neural network aided by a local binary pattern to extract features in an accurate way, especially for masked faces. The basic seven emotions classified into anger, happiness, sadness, surprise, contempt, disgust, and fear are to be recognized. The proposed method is applied on two datasets: the first represents CK and CK +, while the second represents M-LFW-FER. Obtained results show that emotion recognition with a face mask achieved an accuracy of 70.76% on three emotions. Results are compared to existing techniques and show significant improvement.

COVID-19 Vaccines Status, Acceptance and Hesitancy among Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study and the Implications for Pakistan and Beyond.

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy continues to be a widespread problem in Pakistan due to various conspiracy beliefs, myths and misconceptions. Since the hemodialysis population is at a higher risk of contracting infections, we sought to investigate the current COVID-19 immunization status and reasons for any vaccine hesitancy among these patients in Pakistan. This cross-sectional study was conducted among maintenance hemodialysis patients at six hospitals in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Data were collected anonymously using a questionnaire. A total of 399 hemodialysis patients took part in the survey, the majority of them were male (56%) and aged 45-64 years. A calculated 62.4% of the patients reported receiving at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Of those vaccinated (249), 73.5% had received two doses and 16.9% had received a booster dose. The most common reasons for vaccination were "being aware they were at high risk" (89.6%), "fear of getting infected" (89.2%) and "willingness to fight against COVID-19-pandemic" (83.9%). Of the 150 patients who had not yet been vaccinated, only 10 showed a willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine. The major reasons for refusal included "COVID-19 is not a real problem" (75%), the "corona vaccine is a conspiracy (72.1%)" and "I don't need the vaccine" (60.7%). Our study revealed that only 62% patients receiving hemodialysis were partially or completely vaccinated against COVID-19. Consequently, there is a need to initiate aggressive approaches to educate this high-risk population in order to address their concerns with vaccine safety and efficacy as well as correct current myths and misconceptions to improve the COVID-19 immunization status in this population.

Common Prognostic Biomarkers and Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19 Infection in Saudi Arabia.

Background: COVID-19 is a respiratory disease that eventually became a pandemic, with 300 million people infected around the world. Alongside the improvement in COVID-19 management and vaccine development, identifying biomarkers for COVID-19 has recently been reported to help in early prediction and managing severe cases, which might improve outcomes. Our study aimed to find out if there is any correlation between clinical severity and elevated hematological and biochemical markers in COVID-19 patients and its effect on the outcome. Methods: We have collected retrospective data on socio-demographics, medical history, biomarkers, and disease outcomes from five hospitals and health institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Results: Pneumonia was the most common presentation of COVID-19 in our cohort. The presence of abnormal inflammatory biomarkers (D-dimer, CRP, troponin, LDH, ferritin, and t white blood cells) was significantly associated with unstable COVID-19 disease. In addition, patients with evidence of severe respiratory disease, particularly those who required mechanical ventilation, had higher biomarkers when compared to those with stable respiratory conditions (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Identifying biomarkers predicts outcomes for COVID-19 patients and may significantly help in their management.

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 gene expression and markers of oxidative stress are correlated with disease severity in patients with COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress is thought to play a significant role in the pathogenesis and severity of COVID-19. Additionally, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression may predict the severity and clinical course of COVID-19. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of oxidative stress and ACE2 expression with the clinical severity in patients with COVID-19. METHODS AND RESULTS: The present study comprised 40 patients with COVID-19 and 40 matched healthy controls, recruited between September 2021 and March 2022. ACE 2 expression levels were measured using Hera plus SYBR Green qPCR kits with GAPDH used as an internal control. Serum melatonin (MLT) levels, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were estimated using ELISA. The correlations between the levels of the studied markers and clinical indicators of disease severity were evaluated. Significantly, lower expression of ACE2 was observed in COVID-19 patients compared to controls. Patients with COVID-19 had lower serum levels of TAC and MLT but higher serum levels of MDA compared to normal controls. Serum MDA levels were correlated with diastolic blood pressure (DBP), Glasgow coma scale (GCS) scores, and serum potassium levels. Serum MLT levels were positively correlated with DBP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), respiratory rate, and serum potassium levels. TAC was correlated with GCS, mean platelet volume, and serum creatinine levels. Serum MLT levels were significantly lower in patients treated with remdesivir and inotropes. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrates that all markers had utility in discriminating COVID-19 patients from healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: Increased oxidative stress and increased ACE2 expression were correlated with disease severity and poor outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in the present study. Melatonin supplementation may provide a utility as an adjuvant therapy in decreasing disease severity and death in COVID-19 patients.

Evaluation of the active constituents of Nilavembu Kudineer for viral replication inhibition against SARS‐CoV‐2: An approach to targeting RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)

The World Health Organization has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) outbreak a global pandemic and emerging threat to people in the 21st century. SARS‐CoV‐2 constitutes RNA‐Dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp) viral proteins, a critical target in the viral replication process. No FDA‐approved drug is currently available, and there is a high demand for therapeutic strategies against COVID‐19. In search of the anti‐COVID‐19 compound from traditional medicine, we evaluated the active moieties from Nilavembu Kudineer (NK), a poly‐herbal Siddha formulation recommended by AYUSH against COVID‐19. We conducted a preliminary docking analysis of 355 phytochemicals (retrieved from PubChem and IMPPAT databases) present in NK against RdRp viral protein (PDB ID: 7B3B) using COVID‐19 Docking Server and further with AutoDockTool‐1.5.6. MD simulation studies confirmed that Orientin (L1), Vitexin (L2), and Kasuagamycin (L3) revealed better binding activity against RdRp (PDB ID: 7B3B) in comparison with Remdesivir. The study suggests a potential scaffold for developing drug candidates against COVID‐19. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Nilavembu Kudineer is a poly‐herbal Siddha formulation effective against various diseases like cough, fever, breathing problems, etc. This study shows that different phytoconstituents identified from Nilavembu Kudineer were subjected to in silico and ADME analyses. Out of the former 355 phytochemical molecules, Orientin (L1), Vitexin (L2), and Kasuagamycin (L3) showed better binding activity against RdRp viral protein (PDB ID: 7B3B) in comparison with the synthetic repurposed drug. Our work explores the search for an anti‐COVID‐19 compound from traditional medicine like Nilavembu Kudineer, which can be a potential scaffold for developing drug candidates against COVID‐19.

Potential role of PIM1 inhibition in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 infection involves disturbing multiple molecular pathways related to immunity and cellular functions. PIM1 is a serine/threonine-protein kinase found to be involved in the pathogenesis of several viral infections. One PIM1 substrate, Myc, was reported to interact with TMPRSS2, which is crucial for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. PIM1 inhibitors were reported to have antiviral activity through multiple mechanisms related to immunity and proliferation. This study aimed to evaluate the antiviral activity of 2-pyridone PIM1 inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2 and its potential role in hindering the progression of COVID-19. It also aimed to assess PIM1 inhibitor's effect on the expression of several genes of Notch signaling and Wnt pathways. In vitro study was conducted on Vero-E6 cells infected by SARS-CoV-2 "NRC-03-nhCoV" virus. Protein-protein interaction of the study genes was assessed to evaluate their relation to cell proliferation and immunity. The effect of 2-pyridone PIM1 inhibitor treatment on viral load and mRNA expression of target genes was assessed at three time points. RESULTS: Treatment with 2-pyridone PIM1 inhibitor showed potential antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 (IC50 of 37.255 µg/ml), significantly lowering the viral load. Functional enrichments of the studied genes include negative regulation of growth rate, several biological processes involved in cell proliferation, and Interleukin-4 production, with interleukin-6 as a predicted functional partner. These results suggest an interplay between study genes with relation to cell proliferation and immunity. Following in vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection, Notch pathway genes, CTNNB1, SUMO1, and TDG, were found to be overexpressed compared to uninfected cells. Treatment with 2-pyridone PIM1 inhibitor significantly lowers the expression levels of study genes, restoring Notch1 and BCL9 to the control level while decreasing Notch2 and CTNNB1 below control levels. CONCLUSION: 2-pyridone PIM1 inhibitor could hinder cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 and modulate several pathways implicated in immunity, suggesting a potential benefit in the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic approach.

Screen Addiction among nursing students during confinement in Morocco

Aim: The objective of this study is to evaluate the psychological experience during confinement by psychological scales of student nurses and health technicians. Material and Methods: To explore this topic, we used an anonymous questionnaire based on, in addition to status and individual conditions, scales assessing depression (Beck) and internet addiction (IAT). Results: We were able to collect after a rigorous sorting 98 answers, of which 87.8% are women with an average age of 20 years. Beck, 18.36% according to the IAT scale are problematic Internet users with possible life consequences. The function of the mother, the place of residence and the domain of internet use such as social networks, TV and electronic entertainment are the variables that show a statistically significant difference with a P <0.05, and the use of social networks is a risk factor for problematic internet use (OR=2.21e+10, and p <0.001). Discussion: The exploration of depression and the problematic use of the Internet has concluded that there is an undeniable impact of confinement on young students.

Letter to the Editor: COVID-19 utilization of ACE-2 receptor to enter the host cell.

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Smoking-related complications among COVID-19 cases: a population-based survey in Qatar

Objective: To establish the impact of smoking on the severity of COVID-19 infection among adults 18 years and above in Qatar during 2020–2021. Design: Analytical cross-sectional study from May 2020 to 2021. Setting: Health Information System (HIS) of Communicable disease and control center of Hamad Medical Corporation in Qatar. Participant: We randomly selected participants from all COVID-19 confirmed cases (n = 1036). Participants below 18 years old, people with HIV, and those who could not communicate in English and Arabic were excluded. The remaining patients (n = 576) were then allocated into smoking and nonsmoking groups. Result: The prevalence of tobacco smoking was (20.48%) among patients with COVID-19 infection. Age, nationality, employment, and low-to-moderate income were statistically significantly associated with smoking. In addition, the proportion of smokers who required hospitalization was higher compared to nonsmokers (23.7% vs. 17.9%) and were younger (mean age 44.18 years ±18.431) than nonsmokers (mean age 51.6 years ±18.382). The logistic regression revealed that smokers had significantly higher odds of Vitamin D deficiency than nonsmokers [OR: 2.358;CI: 1.017–5.513]. Conclusion: Even with limited statistical significance between smoking history and COVID-19 disease severity and outcome, clinical risk differences were observed among smokers. However, further studies may be required to evaluate the association. © 2023 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Bioinspired NC Coated BM‐ZIF for Electrochemical Monitoring of Adrenaline from Blood and Pharmaceutical Samples

Herein, we have developed highly sensitive and selective non‐enzymatic bioinspired polydopamine derived nitrogen rich carbon (NC) coated bimetallic zeolitic imidazolate framework (BM‐ZIF) electrochemical sensor via simple hydrothermal approach for monitoring adrenaline (AD) from COVID‐19 quarantined person blood and pharmaceutical sample. The designed NC‐BM‐ZIF electrode shows excellent sensitive and selective performance towards AD monitoring with detection limit (LOD) of 0.01 nM and 0.1931 μA/nM/cm2 sensitivity over a wide linear range of 50–1625 nM. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of using of NC‐BM‐ZIF electrode for the electrochemical sensing of AD from quarantined person blood and pharmaceutical sample. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Electroanalysis is the property of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

New perspectives for maximizing sustainable bioethanol production from corn stover

In Egypt, the production of second-generation bioethanol from agricultural waste is a thriving method to compensate the excessive usage as a consequence of the outspread of Covid-19. The profusion and renewability of lignocellulosic biomass urge its utilization as a promising feedstock for bioethanol production. However, functional delignification without affecting the cellulose matrices remains the major obstacle to achieving effective enzyme accessibility. This paper highlights a novel physio-chemical combination for corn stover (CS) pretreatment for bioethanol production. The optimum pretreatment condition was achieved using a mixture of 5% maleic acid (MA) and 3% citric acid (CA) for 30 min at an autoclave temperature of 110 °C leading to produce a pretreated CS (MAC) with 99% hemicellulose removal, 90% cellulose recovery, and 80% lignin removal. Characteristics analyses such as;SEM, FTIR, TGA, EDX, elemental, proximate, ultimate, higher heating value (HHV), and functionalization analyses were performed to emphasize the property and structure change of CS before and after the pretreatment. Then, MAC was hydrolyzed by cellulase enzyme and produced 13.5 g/L glucose yield which was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and produced 10 g/L bioethanol. [Display omitted] [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Renewable Energy: An International Journal is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)